Abstract: Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism, and promoting the continuous increase of income of low-income rural households is an important way to effectively narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas and achieve common prosperity. Based on the capability theory and empowerment theory, this paper explores the theoretical logic of low-income rural households' continuous income increase, and finds that improving the production and operation ability and endogenous motivation of low-income rural households is the internal basis for their continuous income increase. Empowering low-income rural households to obtain sufficient property rights and social rights is an external guarantee for them to continuously increase income. Using macro statistical data to analyze the current situation of rural residents' income increase, it is found that the income of rural residents has increased steadily, but the absolute gap between the income of rural residents and urban residents is gradually widening, and the income inequality within rural areas is also increasing. On the whole, the growth of low-income rural households' income is sluggish, wage income and transfer income are the main sources of income, and the operating income and property income account for a relatively small amount. In the future, it is necessary to promote the sustainable development of the industry and enhance the development capacity of low-income rural households; increase employment opportunities and intentions, and improve the employ ability of low-income rural households; deepen rural reform and empower low-income rural households more adequate property rights; improve the social security system and comprehensively improve the well-being of low-income rural households.