2019 No. 4
2019, (4): 5-17.
Abstract：
According to mainstream studies, the May 4th Movement is an enlightenment rationality movement. By studying the Science and Philosophy of Life Debate that broke out in 1923, we can find out that there were epistemological dialectics between affect and reason in the debate. The Philosophy of Life School led by Liang Qichao and Cai Yuanpei proposed the theory of philosophia sentimentalis, strongly criticizing scientific rationalism. It maintained that reason and affect were both important, and that affective enlightenment was the key to the problems of life. This was Counter-Enlightenment. The theory of philosophia sentimentalis, intending to break the materialistic-idealistic dichotomy, maintained that affect connected mind and body, life and the universe, subjectivity and objectivity, spirit and matter, while reason was only part of affect. Philosophy of life not only combined with the Aesthetic Education Movement, it also got support from anarchists and Creation Writers while gave support to them, obtaining considerable responses from the intellectual, literary and art circles. The concept of philosophy of life originated from the German word "Lebensanschauung" concocted by Rudolf Eucken in 1890, which was translated into Jinseikan, a kanji neologism invented by Abe Yoshishige in 1912, and then was directly adopted by Chinese intellectuals. Its main focus can be presented as a question: is humans' knowledge about selves, others and the universe derived from affect or reason? Following Henri Bergson and Eucken, the Chinese Philosophy of Life School thought that instead of pursuing pure reason, philosophy should explore the property of life force, which is affect. Affect is not simply feeling or emotion, but the traditional Chinese concept of "qing" that originates from The Book of Changes, and also the affect maintained by Spinoza, Nietzsche, Bergson and Deleuze. The May 4th Counter-Enlightenment is worthy of our deep research.
According to mainstream studies, the May 4th Movement is an enlightenment rationality movement. By studying the Science and Philosophy of Life Debate that broke out in 1923, we can find out that there were epistemological dialectics between affect and reason in the debate. The Philosophy of Life School led by Liang Qichao and Cai Yuanpei proposed the theory of philosophia sentimentalis, strongly criticizing scientific rationalism. It maintained that reason and affect were both important, and that affective enlightenment was the key to the problems of life. This was Counter-Enlightenment. The theory of philosophia sentimentalis, intending to break the materialistic-idealistic dichotomy, maintained that affect connected mind and body, life and the universe, subjectivity and objectivity, spirit and matter, while reason was only part of affect. Philosophy of life not only combined with the Aesthetic Education Movement, it also got support from anarchists and Creation Writers while gave support to them, obtaining considerable responses from the intellectual, literary and art circles. The concept of philosophy of life originated from the German word "Lebensanschauung" concocted by Rudolf Eucken in 1890, which was translated into Jinseikan, a kanji neologism invented by Abe Yoshishige in 1912, and then was directly adopted by Chinese intellectuals. Its main focus can be presented as a question: is humans' knowledge about selves, others and the universe derived from affect or reason? Following Henri Bergson and Eucken, the Chinese Philosophy of Life School thought that instead of pursuing pure reason, philosophy should explore the property of life force, which is affect. Affect is not simply feeling or emotion, but the traditional Chinese concept of "qing" that originates from The Book of Changes, and also the affect maintained by Spinoza, Nietzsche, Bergson and Deleuze. The May 4th Counter-Enlightenment is worthy of our deep research.
Abstract：
After one hundred years of evolution, Chinese New Culture has formed its ideological art tradition. The pioneers and advocates of New Culture focused on the ideological aspect first when they designed the pattern of New Culture. To express and highlight the ideas and meanings, literary creation, especially novel writing, has always avoided centering on telling stories and picturing characters. Instead, writers have been interested in ideological exploration. As a result, modern Chinese novels mostly present fable features. Ideological dimension has become the important connotation and component of Chinese New Culture for the past one hundred years, and ideological charms have often been showed in a striking way in dramas, fine arts, music and design as well as literature. These types of culture at any other time could not be able to pay such attention on ideological elements as in the last hundred years.
After one hundred years of evolution, Chinese New Culture has formed its ideological art tradition. The pioneers and advocates of New Culture focused on the ideological aspect first when they designed the pattern of New Culture. To express and highlight the ideas and meanings, literary creation, especially novel writing, has always avoided centering on telling stories and picturing characters. Instead, writers have been interested in ideological exploration. As a result, modern Chinese novels mostly present fable features. Ideological dimension has become the important connotation and component of Chinese New Culture for the past one hundred years, and ideological charms have often been showed in a striking way in dramas, fine arts, music and design as well as literature. These types of culture at any other time could not be able to pay such attention on ideological elements as in the last hundred years.
2019, (4): 26-33.
Abstract：
When the New Culture Movement was surging, Liang Shuming was teaching in Peking University, but he was very depressed, so he tried to make a weak voice by studying Confucius and establishing the Confucian philosophy research institute. His The Oriental and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies responded to New Youth, pointing out that the westernization assertion of Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi and some other scholars set the eastern and western cultures against each other thoroughly, erroneously equate Confucius with their criticism of Chinese culture, failed to thoroughly understand the spirit of Confucius for Chinese ethics of social significance, and found no cure for the ethical breakdown caused by cultural destruction. From the reflection of Russell, Bergson and Eucken on western culture, Liang Shuming found that the eastern and western cultures were not dualistic opposite, instead, they may somehow be reconciled and integrate with each other, so that the new culture can be revised, with the Confucian sentient "just" move attitude towards life accommodating the scientific and democratic spirit, making the new culture being localized and rooted, and getting rid of the dualism. Thus, the eastern and western cultures can connect with each other, penetrate into each other, take in old and new elements, and then form another kind of May 4th New Culture, so as to promote the Renaissance of China. It can be seen that Liang Shuming is not the so-called anti-new culture conservative in the academic circle, but reflects the richness and multi-dimensional nature of the May 4th new culture.
When the New Culture Movement was surging, Liang Shuming was teaching in Peking University, but he was very depressed, so he tried to make a weak voice by studying Confucius and establishing the Confucian philosophy research institute. His The Oriental and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies responded to New Youth, pointing out that the westernization assertion of Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi and some other scholars set the eastern and western cultures against each other thoroughly, erroneously equate Confucius with their criticism of Chinese culture, failed to thoroughly understand the spirit of Confucius for Chinese ethics of social significance, and found no cure for the ethical breakdown caused by cultural destruction. From the reflection of Russell, Bergson and Eucken on western culture, Liang Shuming found that the eastern and western cultures were not dualistic opposite, instead, they may somehow be reconciled and integrate with each other, so that the new culture can be revised, with the Confucian sentient "just" move attitude towards life accommodating the scientific and democratic spirit, making the new culture being localized and rooted, and getting rid of the dualism. Thus, the eastern and western cultures can connect with each other, penetrate into each other, take in old and new elements, and then form another kind of May 4th New Culture, so as to promote the Renaissance of China. It can be seen that Liang Shuming is not the so-called anti-new culture conservative in the academic circle, but reflects the richness and multi-dimensional nature of the May 4th new culture.
Abstract：
"Pictorial turn" has led sensitive qualitative researchers to consider images as qualitative research data, on the basis of which image interpretation methods have gradually developed. The visual attributes of the teaching space and the imaging method have natural relevance. Symbolic symbols, metaphorical forms and facts in the teaching space express the "tacit knowledge" and "conventions" in education. The interpretation process from the explicit "facts" and"forms" to "tacit knowledge" is Erwin Panofsky's translation process from Iconography to Iconology. The study used Panofsky's Iconology method to analyze the teaching space pictures of D primary school from 1988 to 2018. In the pre-iconography layer, D primary school is gradually changing in terms of teaching media, space rights, student learning methods and teacher roles. In the iconography layer, teachers' acceptance and internalization of modern educational concepts, the importance of school institutions to the principles of intuitive teaching, the pursuit of educational modernization and the practice of the new curriculum reform concepts have contributed to the above changes. In the iconology layer, the modern information technology revolution, the modern education ideological trend baptism and the education funding policy in China are the deep social reasons for the transformation of the teaching space.
"Pictorial turn" has led sensitive qualitative researchers to consider images as qualitative research data, on the basis of which image interpretation methods have gradually developed. The visual attributes of the teaching space and the imaging method have natural relevance. Symbolic symbols, metaphorical forms and facts in the teaching space express the "tacit knowledge" and "conventions" in education. The interpretation process from the explicit "facts" and"forms" to "tacit knowledge" is Erwin Panofsky's translation process from Iconography to Iconology. The study used Panofsky's Iconology method to analyze the teaching space pictures of D primary school from 1988 to 2018. In the pre-iconography layer, D primary school is gradually changing in terms of teaching media, space rights, student learning methods and teacher roles. In the iconography layer, teachers' acceptance and internalization of modern educational concepts, the importance of school institutions to the principles of intuitive teaching, the pursuit of educational modernization and the practice of the new curriculum reform concepts have contributed to the above changes. In the iconology layer, the modern information technology revolution, the modern education ideological trend baptism and the education funding policy in China are the deep social reasons for the transformation of the teaching space.
2019, (4): 41-46.
Abstract：
In the long-term debate in educational philosophy, a point that teaching is a kind of practice has been gradually highlighted and accepted. Traditional pedagogical epistemology regards teaching as teacher's practice and classifies knowledge into students' knowledge. However, with the continuous development of teaching theory, people have a deeper understanding of the subject of practice and knowledge. Consequently, the pedagogical practical epistemology emerges. The pedagogical practical epistemology focuses on the contextualization of knowledge and the knowledge creation in teaching practice. Besides, it highlights the holistic action research and action learning, and gives a new interpretation to pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), which provides a correct theoretical guidance for teachers to develop teaching research implementation and representation ability.
In the long-term debate in educational philosophy, a point that teaching is a kind of practice has been gradually highlighted and accepted. Traditional pedagogical epistemology regards teaching as teacher's practice and classifies knowledge into students' knowledge. However, with the continuous development of teaching theory, people have a deeper understanding of the subject of practice and knowledge. Consequently, the pedagogical practical epistemology emerges. The pedagogical practical epistemology focuses on the contextualization of knowledge and the knowledge creation in teaching practice. Besides, it highlights the holistic action research and action learning, and gives a new interpretation to pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), which provides a correct theoretical guidance for teachers to develop teaching research implementation and representation ability.
2019, (4): 47-52.
Abstract：
Although the practical logic is highly implicit, it does exist in teachers' practice. Besides, it has great value for us to explore. Under the guidance of philosophy view on phenomenology, the logic of teachers' practice is recognizable. When understanding teachers' practical logic, it is necessary for us to return to the practical situation, emphasize the integrity and connection, and reconstruct the practical relationship of practice with the method of "restore". In the real practice field, teachers' practical logic is a practice mode featured by game fusion, a practice force with promoting guidance, and a practice product constantly accumulated by time and experience.
Although the practical logic is highly implicit, it does exist in teachers' practice. Besides, it has great value for us to explore. Under the guidance of philosophy view on phenomenology, the logic of teachers' practice is recognizable. When understanding teachers' practical logic, it is necessary for us to return to the practical situation, emphasize the integrity and connection, and reconstruct the practical relationship of practice with the method of "restore". In the real practice field, teachers' practical logic is a practice mode featured by game fusion, a practice force with promoting guidance, and a practice product constantly accumulated by time and experience.
2019, (4): 53-57.
Abstract：
Under the background of constructing Double First-rate universities, university library, as a vital public space of the university, is not only the main means of serving students, but also an indispensable platform for educating. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate its work. Compared with other evaluation models, the third-party evaluation is more independent, objective and fair, and its evaluation results can objectively reflect the indicators of the university library. At present, the third-party evaluation of university libraries has significantly developed, and the qualifications, evaluation indicators and institutional arrangements of the third-party agencies are all important factors in the assessment activities.
Under the background of constructing Double First-rate universities, university library, as a vital public space of the university, is not only the main means of serving students, but also an indispensable platform for educating. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate its work. Compared with other evaluation models, the third-party evaluation is more independent, objective and fair, and its evaluation results can objectively reflect the indicators of the university library. At present, the third-party evaluation of university libraries has significantly developed, and the qualifications, evaluation indicators and institutional arrangements of the third-party agencies are all important factors in the assessment activities.
2019, (4): 58-62.
Abstract：
As one of the most celebrated Postcolonial theoretical critics in the world, Spivak puts forward her thoughts on translation to make the subaltern class in the third world heard, challenge the cultural hegemony and weaken the dominating position of the western countries. This paper offers an account of her thoughts on "love", "faithfulness", "literal translation" and "surrender to the original". Then the deficiencies of her thoughts on translation are explored in details to conclude that her thoughts are in vain in making her dreams come true.
As one of the most celebrated Postcolonial theoretical critics in the world, Spivak puts forward her thoughts on translation to make the subaltern class in the third world heard, challenge the cultural hegemony and weaken the dominating position of the western countries. This paper offers an account of her thoughts on "love", "faithfulness", "literal translation" and "surrender to the original". Then the deficiencies of her thoughts on translation are explored in details to conclude that her thoughts are in vain in making her dreams come true.
Abstract：
Neutral indexes with no preferences are difficult to be appraised by traditional data envelopment analysis. Based on the principle of directional distance function, a fund performance evaluation model of data envelopment analysis with neutral indexes like stock positions and portfolio concentration is proposed. This paper randomly selects 30 hybrid funds from the fund market in China and gets the DEA efficiency score of each fund in 2007-2016 through the empirical analysis considering the impact of downside standard deviation, beta, fund expend rates, annual net income, Jansen index and skewness on the performance evaluation of the fund. Finally, a feasible way is provided to improve the efficiency of funds in China from the perspective of fund stock positions and related trading strategies.
Neutral indexes with no preferences are difficult to be appraised by traditional data envelopment analysis. Based on the principle of directional distance function, a fund performance evaluation model of data envelopment analysis with neutral indexes like stock positions and portfolio concentration is proposed. This paper randomly selects 30 hybrid funds from the fund market in China and gets the DEA efficiency score of each fund in 2007-2016 through the empirical analysis considering the impact of downside standard deviation, beta, fund expend rates, annual net income, Jansen index and skewness on the performance evaluation of the fund. Finally, a feasible way is provided to improve the efficiency of funds in China from the perspective of fund stock positions and related trading strategies.
Abstract：
This paper investigates the impacts of changes in the quality of corporate information disclosure on the stock market efficiency over a long period which starts from the birth of Chinese stock market, based on the analysis of the evolution of Chinese listed companies' information disclosure system. It is found that the Chinese stock market is still a noisy market, but with the gradual improvement of information disclosure system, both the quality of information disclosure of listed companies and the stock market efficiency have improved step by step. Generally speaking, the synchronization of stock prices in China is positively related to the quality of corporate information disclosure, which means poor market efficiency. However, as time went by and with the improvement of disclosure system, the positive correlation between accounting information quality and stock price synchronization tends to weaken, which indicates that improving accounting information quality can not only help eliminate the uncertainty of investor decision making, but also increase the content of company specific information in stock pricing. Further research shows that the development and participation of institutional investors are conducive to rational trading based on information in the market, noisy trade reduction and market efficiency.
This paper investigates the impacts of changes in the quality of corporate information disclosure on the stock market efficiency over a long period which starts from the birth of Chinese stock market, based on the analysis of the evolution of Chinese listed companies' information disclosure system. It is found that the Chinese stock market is still a noisy market, but with the gradual improvement of information disclosure system, both the quality of information disclosure of listed companies and the stock market efficiency have improved step by step. Generally speaking, the synchronization of stock prices in China is positively related to the quality of corporate information disclosure, which means poor market efficiency. However, as time went by and with the improvement of disclosure system, the positive correlation between accounting information quality and stock price synchronization tends to weaken, which indicates that improving accounting information quality can not only help eliminate the uncertainty of investor decision making, but also increase the content of company specific information in stock pricing. Further research shows that the development and participation of institutional investors are conducive to rational trading based on information in the market, noisy trade reduction and market efficiency.
Abstract：
From the perspective of sustainable development of innovative enterprises, this paper discusses the effectiveness of CGEM review system as well as its reconstruction direction. The CGEM provides financial support for the financing of innovative enterprises. But after listing, the enterprises' technological innovation ability and profit growth don't increase significantly, which means its sustainable development capacity is insufficient. One of the main institutional reasons is that the substantive examination under the Approval System is controlled by the government, making rent-seeking possible. Because of the Resource Effect and the Extrusion Effect, the sustainable development of innovative enterprises is weakened. One solution to this problem is to change the Approval System to the Registration-based System, return the listed resource allocation rights to the market and transfer the focus of government supervision to information disclosure and post-event control.
From the perspective of sustainable development of innovative enterprises, this paper discusses the effectiveness of CGEM review system as well as its reconstruction direction. The CGEM provides financial support for the financing of innovative enterprises. But after listing, the enterprises' technological innovation ability and profit growth don't increase significantly, which means its sustainable development capacity is insufficient. One of the main institutional reasons is that the substantive examination under the Approval System is controlled by the government, making rent-seeking possible. Because of the Resource Effect and the Extrusion Effect, the sustainable development of innovative enterprises is weakened. One solution to this problem is to change the Approval System to the Registration-based System, return the listed resource allocation rights to the market and transfer the focus of government supervision to information disclosure and post-event control.
Abstract：
Based on the basic assumptions of organizational hierarchy theory and equity theory, this study used top managers from 2 732 A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2011 to 2016 as a sample and explored the cross-level effects of top management team (TMT) power and compensation composition on top managers' turnover in the next year. The results showed that the influences of TMT power and compensation composition on top managers' turnover were quite different. At the individual level, power dissimilarity between top managers and other TMT members significantly reduced top managers' turnover in the next year, and top managers' power level strengthened the negative relationship between power dissimilarity and top managers' turnover. However, compensation dissimilarity between top managers and other TMT members significantly promoted top managers' turnover in the next year, and top managers' compensation level weakened the positive relationship between compensation dissimilarity and top managers' turnover. At the team level, TMT power inequality significantly reduced top managers' turnover in the next year, whereas TMT compensation inequality significantly promoted top managers' turnover in the next year.
Based on the basic assumptions of organizational hierarchy theory and equity theory, this study used top managers from 2 732 A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2011 to 2016 as a sample and explored the cross-level effects of top management team (TMT) power and compensation composition on top managers' turnover in the next year. The results showed that the influences of TMT power and compensation composition on top managers' turnover were quite different. At the individual level, power dissimilarity between top managers and other TMT members significantly reduced top managers' turnover in the next year, and top managers' power level strengthened the negative relationship between power dissimilarity and top managers' turnover. However, compensation dissimilarity between top managers and other TMT members significantly promoted top managers' turnover in the next year, and top managers' compensation level weakened the positive relationship between compensation dissimilarity and top managers' turnover. At the team level, TMT power inequality significantly reduced top managers' turnover in the next year, whereas TMT compensation inequality significantly promoted top managers' turnover in the next year.
Abstract：
From the perspective of behavioral theory, this study discussed the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on employees' radical innovation in the Chinese context, as well as the mediating effect of work engagement and the moderating effect of organizational climate of innovation. The results showed that intrinsic/extrinsic rewards had a significant positive effect on radical innovation, and work engagement mediated the relationship; meanwhile, the organizational climate of innovation positively moderated the relationship between intrinsic/extrinsic rewards and radical innovation, and the moderating effect was mediated by work engagement. At the end of this paper, the theoretical value as well as the practical implication was discussed and put forward.
From the perspective of behavioral theory, this study discussed the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on employees' radical innovation in the Chinese context, as well as the mediating effect of work engagement and the moderating effect of organizational climate of innovation. The results showed that intrinsic/extrinsic rewards had a significant positive effect on radical innovation, and work engagement mediated the relationship; meanwhile, the organizational climate of innovation positively moderated the relationship between intrinsic/extrinsic rewards and radical innovation, and the moderating effect was mediated by work engagement. At the end of this paper, the theoretical value as well as the practical implication was discussed and put forward.
Abstract：
The advantage of team-based rewards is their promotion of team collaboration, but they may have a tendency to suppress the members' efforts. Researchers cannot clearly explain the mechanism of action of team rewards until now, so this paper tries to explain it from the perspective of quality performance and efficiency performance, with introducing the mediation effects of cooperative efforts and competitive efforts. By investigating 106 work teams, it is found that team rewards have a positive effect on team quality performance and have a negative effect on team efficiency. Moreover, cooperative efforts mediate the effect of team rewards on quality performance, and competitive efforts mediate the effect of team rewards on efficiency performance. Task interdependence enhances both of the effects. Therefore, individual rewards are beneficial to teams that pursue efficiency, and team rewards are good for teams that pursues quality.
The advantage of team-based rewards is their promotion of team collaboration, but they may have a tendency to suppress the members' efforts. Researchers cannot clearly explain the mechanism of action of team rewards until now, so this paper tries to explain it from the perspective of quality performance and efficiency performance, with introducing the mediation effects of cooperative efforts and competitive efforts. By investigating 106 work teams, it is found that team rewards have a positive effect on team quality performance and have a negative effect on team efficiency. Moreover, cooperative efforts mediate the effect of team rewards on quality performance, and competitive efforts mediate the effect of team rewards on efficiency performance. Task interdependence enhances both of the effects. Therefore, individual rewards are beneficial to teams that pursue efficiency, and team rewards are good for teams that pursues quality.
Abstract：
Based on the theory of tournaments and the theory of social comparison, this paper explores the differential impact of the internal pay disparities on the innovation performance of executives from the perspective of vertical pay disparities and horizontal pay disparities. According to the empirical study of the resume data of executives of listed companies in China from 2007 to 2016, it is found that the pay disparities between CEO executives and VP executives contribute to the improvement of corporate innovation performance. The horizontal pay disparities have a significant inverted U-shaped relationship with corporate innovation performance. This paper deepens the research on the relationship between pay disparities and enterprise innovation, and clarifies the applicability of tournament theory and social comparison theory in explaining the impact of different dimensions of salary gap within the top management team in the context of high power distance in China.
Based on the theory of tournaments and the theory of social comparison, this paper explores the differential impact of the internal pay disparities on the innovation performance of executives from the perspective of vertical pay disparities and horizontal pay disparities. According to the empirical study of the resume data of executives of listed companies in China from 2007 to 2016, it is found that the pay disparities between CEO executives and VP executives contribute to the improvement of corporate innovation performance. The horizontal pay disparities have a significant inverted U-shaped relationship with corporate innovation performance. This paper deepens the research on the relationship between pay disparities and enterprise innovation, and clarifies the applicability of tournament theory and social comparison theory in explaining the impact of different dimensions of salary gap within the top management team in the context of high power distance in China.
Abstract：
Sex discrimination in employment has caused more and more social problems, so it has increasingly attracted the attention of the public. The anti-discrimination legislation of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China started early and stood in the forefront of Asia. Based on the Sex Discrimination Ordinance promulgated by the Hong Kong Government in 1995, the author analyzes the legislative background and main content of anti-employment sex discrimination in Hong Kong and evaluates its advantages and disadvantages, attempting to provide a reference for Chinese legislation of current anti-employment sex discrimination.
Sex discrimination in employment has caused more and more social problems, so it has increasingly attracted the attention of the public. The anti-discrimination legislation of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China started early and stood in the forefront of Asia. Based on the Sex Discrimination Ordinance promulgated by the Hong Kong Government in 1995, the author analyzes the legislative background and main content of anti-employment sex discrimination in Hong Kong and evaluates its advantages and disadvantages, attempting to provide a reference for Chinese legislation of current anti-employment sex discrimination.
2019, (4): 148-153.
Abstract：
Catchword, a kind of speech orientation, is a representation of times, value and dynamics of communication in the discourse space, and a free and initiative speech form. The tension of catchword can highlight human beings' subjective sense of motivation, which is the speech requirement in the freedom of communication. The association theory of Marxism, which judges the speech attitudes, mindsets and ideological beliefs of the subjects based on their economic interest relationship, is a scientific method of treating catchwords. The demand for speech must be restricted by the demand of interest, and the ideological demand can always reflect the interest demand. For building our discourse system in the socialism with Chinese characteristics, we need to control the tension and limitations of catchwords to fully stimulate the vitality of speech in the new era.
Catchword, a kind of speech orientation, is a representation of times, value and dynamics of communication in the discourse space, and a free and initiative speech form. The tension of catchword can highlight human beings' subjective sense of motivation, which is the speech requirement in the freedom of communication. The association theory of Marxism, which judges the speech attitudes, mindsets and ideological beliefs of the subjects based on their economic interest relationship, is a scientific method of treating catchwords. The demand for speech must be restricted by the demand of interest, and the ideological demand can always reflect the interest demand. For building our discourse system in the socialism with Chinese characteristics, we need to control the tension and limitations of catchwords to fully stimulate the vitality of speech in the new era.
Abstract：
The realistic concern of mass historians is a kind of consciousness that closely links history with reality, actively intervenes in society and serves reality with mass history books. The realistic concern is the precondition for the public historians to set the goal of "writing history for the public", and then it guides the mass historians to "focus on content selection", selecting the writing content popular with the masses from the mass historical content: political history focuses on major historical events and patriotism, social history favors the content of public life, and personal history focuses on individual life experiences. The content selection of mass history books enriches the content of history writing, helps to enhance its social attraction, produces the positive effect of history returning to the public, and helps to realize the social function of history.
The realistic concern of mass historians is a kind of consciousness that closely links history with reality, actively intervenes in society and serves reality with mass history books. The realistic concern is the precondition for the public historians to set the goal of "writing history for the public", and then it guides the mass historians to "focus on content selection", selecting the writing content popular with the masses from the mass historical content: political history focuses on major historical events and patriotism, social history favors the content of public life, and personal history focuses on individual life experiences. The content selection of mass history books enriches the content of history writing, helps to enhance its social attraction, produces the positive effect of history returning to the public, and helps to realize the social function of history.
Abstract：
Public health institution is an important part of modern urban management system in Guangzhou, and historicism provides a theoretical perspective for us to understand the institutional logic of its development and changes. The changes of public health system in Guangzhou can be divided into two periods: the path locked-in of traditional urban health institution and the sudden change of modern public health institution. The institution design of traditional urban health management was not perfect, and it gradually failed to adapt to social development. However, due to its advantages in time series and continuous reinforcement in governance, it caused path dependence in urban health management. The great plague outbreak in 1894 became a critical juncture in the changes of public health institution in Guangzhou. In order to cope with the severe crisis caused by the plague, the government began to take charge of urban public health management and make a series of breakthroughs in modern Guangzhou's public health institution. Through the analysis of the institutional environment, actors and institutional arrangement of the two periods, the track of the changes of public health system in modern Guangzhou can be clearly seen. The changes of public health system dominated by the government have highlighted the characteristics of national management and achieved urban sanitation to some extent.
Public health institution is an important part of modern urban management system in Guangzhou, and historicism provides a theoretical perspective for us to understand the institutional logic of its development and changes. The changes of public health system in Guangzhou can be divided into two periods: the path locked-in of traditional urban health institution and the sudden change of modern public health institution. The institution design of traditional urban health management was not perfect, and it gradually failed to adapt to social development. However, due to its advantages in time series and continuous reinforcement in governance, it caused path dependence in urban health management. The great plague outbreak in 1894 became a critical juncture in the changes of public health institution in Guangzhou. In order to cope with the severe crisis caused by the plague, the government began to take charge of urban public health management and make a series of breakthroughs in modern Guangzhou's public health institution. Through the analysis of the institutional environment, actors and institutional arrangement of the two periods, the track of the changes of public health system in modern Guangzhou can be clearly seen. The changes of public health system dominated by the government have highlighted the characteristics of national management and achieved urban sanitation to some extent.
2019, (4): 176-182.
Abstract：
Facing the challenge of liar paradox, the minimalist theory of truth tried to avoid the paradox through defining the acceptable instance of the equivalence schema with the grounded proposition as the discriminant standard based on the true predicate and the use theory of meaning. In order to make up the shortcomings caused by the non-grounded proposition, Paul Horwich further proposed the semantic epistemicism, which defines the acceptable instance of the equivalence schema from the semantic level together with the grounded proposition.
Facing the challenge of liar paradox, the minimalist theory of truth tried to avoid the paradox through defining the acceptable instance of the equivalence schema with the grounded proposition as the discriminant standard based on the true predicate and the use theory of meaning. In order to make up the shortcomings caused by the non-grounded proposition, Paul Horwich further proposed the semantic epistemicism, which defines the acceptable instance of the equivalence schema from the semantic level together with the grounded proposition.
2019, (4): 183-188.
Abstract：
According to the notions introduced by Cook et al., Yablo's paradox can be considered as an "unwinding" of the Liar. It has been proved that the unwinding preserves the degree of paradoxicality of the Liar, and thus the circularity of the Liar. Moreover, the above conclusion is also true for all n-card paradoxes and their unwindings. In this paper, the conclusion is extended to a larger class of paradoxes——Boolean paradoxes. Sentence net is applied to represent Boolean paradoxes and their unwindings. It is shown that any Boolean paradox has the same degree of paradoxicality as its Yabloseque unwinding. As a result, both of them depend on the same circularity.
According to the notions introduced by Cook et al., Yablo's paradox can be considered as an "unwinding" of the Liar. It has been proved that the unwinding preserves the degree of paradoxicality of the Liar, and thus the circularity of the Liar. Moreover, the above conclusion is also true for all n-card paradoxes and their unwindings. In this paper, the conclusion is extended to a larger class of paradoxes——Boolean paradoxes. Sentence net is applied to represent Boolean paradoxes and their unwindings. It is shown that any Boolean paradox has the same degree of paradoxicality as its Yabloseque unwinding. As a result, both of them depend on the same circularity.
