Abstract: Based on the supply chain networks of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2008 to 2022, this study takes supply chain innovation and application pilot work as a natural experiment to explore how the construction of key nodes in digital supply chains affects the resilience of upstream and downstream supply chains. Research has found that the construction of digital supply chains at key nodes enhances the resilience of upstream and downstream supply chains by promoting the development of new quality productive forces and improving the supply chain environment. The regulatory mechanism shows that the dependence, stability, and connectivity of node supply chain networks will have an impact on the resilience of key node digital supply chain construction and upstream and downstream supply chains. Heterogeneity analysis shows that in high-tech industries, enterprises with high digital spatial positioning, and those in the mature stage, as well as in the sample of enterprises located near key nodes, in areas with low employment density, and upstream of the industrial chain, the digital supply chain construction of key node enterprises has a better effect on improving the resilience of the supply chain upstream and downstream. Further analysis shows that digital policies can not only benefit a wider supply chain network through diffusion effects, but also optimize the structure of the supply chain network, improve the efficiency of information transmission, and enhance the resilience of the entire supply chain network. Therefore, in order to enhance the resilience of the entire supply chain network, it is necessary to strengthen the digital supply chain construction of key nodes, promote the development of new quality productive forces, and benefit a wider range of enterprise groups through the supply chain network.