Abstract: In the process of advancing Chinese path to modernization, although the large population size has brought positive effects such as the "demographic dividend, " it also faces significant "environmental constraints." Compared to the capital-driven modernization paths of the West, Chinese path to modernization emphasizes a "people-oriented" approach. In this context of a vast population, it is essential to deeply consider "population development, " "quality of life, " and "economic potential, " which serves as the material foundation for modernization. Based on this logic, this paper constructs a comprehensive indicator system encompassing four dimensions: population development, environmental constraints, economic potential, and quality of life. Utilizing various methods such as entropy weighting, kernel density estimation, Moran's index, coupling coordination analysis, Dagum Gini coefficient, and QAP analysis, this study systematically and comprehensively evaluates and analyzes Chinese path to modernization under the backdrop of a large population size. The research findings indicate that: (1) the modernization indices and their sub-dimensions nationwide and across regions show a fluctuating upward trend, demonstrating spatial agglomeration characteristics; (2) the overall coupling and coordination level of the sub-dimensions has entered a phase of coordinated development, with a distribution pattern of "high in the East and low in the West" in the coupling and coordination levels among different indicators; (3) the regional differences in modernization levels generally show a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, with inter-regional disparities becoming a major factor contributing to uneven regional development; (4) the regional disparities in population development and economic potential are the main driving forces behind the regional differences. In summary, to promote Chinese path to modernization in the context of a large population, it is necessary to implement long-term strategies focused on population balance and the enhancement of human capital quality.