借名人的权利排除强制执行问题研究

Study on the Issue of Excluding Enforcement by the Rights of Actual Actors

  • 摘要: 借名行为涉及借名人、出名人、与出名人签订合同的相对人以及出名人的债权人等各方主体的权益,强制执行也是实体法与程序法交错较为复杂的领域,实务中的相关纠纷频发。应依据借名行为的认定、法律效果及效力等基础要件厘清各主体间的法律关系,判断借名人的权利排除强制执行的程度。权利归属争议的解决,是判断能否排除执行的重要前提。应结合多重因素判断真实权利人,并根据各方主体的意思表示明确借名行为主体,判断权利究竟归属于借名人还是出名人。可参照借名登记的相关规则,区分单纯的借名登记和借用他人名义签订买卖合同后进行登记的不同情形,判断物权是先由出名人取得后再间接流转,还是借名人可直接作为实际交易主体,进一步明晰权利的最终归属。对于排除强制执行的具体分析,应引入动态系统论,综合考量各项因素的影响程度。若认定权利归属于出名人,借名人仅享有债权,原则上无法排除强制执行,但若在特定条件下产生了“优先性权利”,则可获得例外保护。若认定权利归属于借名人,借名人原则上可以排除强制执行,但由于欠缺登记要件,在特定条件下也应保护善意第三人的权益。

     

    Abstract: Borrowing-name actions involve the rights and interests of various parties, including the name borrower, the name provider whose name is borrowed, the counterparty that signs a contract with the name provider, and the creditor of the name provider. Enforcement is also a complex area where substantive law and procedural law intertwine, and related disputes frequently occur in practice. It is crucial to clarify the legal relationships among various parties and determining the degree of excluding enforcement of the rights of nominal holders, based on fundamental elements such as the recognition, legal effectiveness, and effectiveness of the act. The dispute and resolution regarding rights attribution constitute a critical preliminary issue in determining whether enforcement can be excluded. The identification of the genuine rights holder should be based on multiple factors, with clarification of the subject involved in the name-borrowing arrangement according to the expressed intentions of relevant parties to ascertain whether the rights ultimately vest with the name borrower or the name provider. Reference may be made to rules governing name-borrowing registrations, distinguishing between pure name-borrowing registration and registration after executing sales contracts under another's name, so as to determine whether the property right is first acquired by the name provider before indirect transfer or whether the name borrower qualifies as the direct transactional subject, thereby clarifying ultimate rights attribution. For specific analysis of enforcement exclusion, a dynamic systems approach should be introduced to comprehensively evaluate the relative weight of relevant factors. If rights are determined to vest with the name provider, the name borrower only holds a creditor's right and cannot exclude enforcement in principle, unless exceptional protection is granted when "priority rights" arise under specific conditions. If rights are determined to vest with the name borrower, the name borrower may exclude enforcement in principle; however, due to lack of registration formalities, bona fide third-party interests may require protection under specific circumstances.

     

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