Abstract: In the new journey, facing an increasingly severe domestic and international environment, accelerating the development of new quality productive forces is not only an innovation and development of Marx's theory of productivity in the context of China but also a significant practical exploration by the CPC Central Committee to promote high-quality economic development. This article, based on what new quality productive forces are and why the proposition of developing new quality productive forces is raised at this time, clarifies the evolutionary logic of new quality productive forces starting from Marx's theory of productivity. On this basis, considering the practical characteristics of new quality productive forces—"new elements, new technologies, new carriers"—the article analyzes the mechanism through which the innovative allocation of production factors empowers the development of new quality productive forces from multiple dimensions. Among these, "new elements" call for new ways of combining factors, "new technologies" impose new requirements on the synergy among the entities involved in factor allocation, and "new carriers" rely on new supporting facilities and institutional frameworks. Finally, the article discusses how to reform and optimize the allocation of production factors from three aspects: standardizing the development of data elements and enhancing the quality and efficiency of traditional factors, breaking through the bottlenecks in factor allocation and improving the collaborative innovation system, and reasonably optimizing existing factors and fully aggregating innovative resources, aiming to provide practical policy recommendations for accelerating the development of new quality productive forces.