“兮”字之用:《诗》《骚》传承与楚辞可歌的重新审察

The Phonosemantics of Character Xi (兮): Reexamination on Inheritance of the Book of Sangs and Li Sao (离骚) and Singability of Chu Ci (楚辞)

  • 摘要: 人们以楚辞用“兮”为其造语特点并显可歌,且指承《诗》用“兮”;但《诗》《骚》并《老子》率多用为语气助词,同于虚字之用,即使在楚歌并他方之歌亦然。盖歌以言为本,语气助词与歌唱泛声合一而不可分割,不可独论泛声。“兮”为语气助词及其在《诗》《骚》《老子》及楚歌、楚辞之用的普遍性是不可或缺的考察资源,单论楚辞“兮”字可歌及其承《诗》的推断不免狭迫。而指楚辞可歌,特承楚歌徒讴而近于口诵,不可比于《诗》篇分章合乐、重章叠句并其合于乐、舞的国家礼乐呈现。而如徒歌《离骚》《天问》等长篇巨制,也由于缺乏元代套曲那样的乐曲系统相配,却只能是不断重复简单旋律的孤独沉吟,这也断非可能。实际上,屈《骚》楚辞只是凭借楚歌的造语感觉所制,虽可指为受到楚歌影响,但非歌辞之制,不有已歌之实。

     

    Abstract: It is widely recognized that the character Xi in Chu Ci, constituted its linguistic feature and highlights its singable nature which was deemed to inherit from Xi in Shijing. However, the auxiliary words, like the functional ones, were frequently used in the Book of Sangs, Li Sao and Lao Zi (老子), even in the songs of Chu and other regions. As essence of songs was linguistic expression, the auxiliary words and overtones were inseparable and the later could not be analyzed alone. Xi, as an auxiliary word and its widespread usage in the Book of Sangs, Li Sao and Lao Zi, provided an indispensable source to be investigated. Thus the deduction of singability of Chu Ci and its inheritance from the Book of Sangs was overly arbitrary. The singability of elegies of Chu in particular referred to recitation or oral chants rather than dividing its chapters in harmony with musical compositions and employing repetitive stanzas and refrains in the Book of Sangs which demonstrates as part of the state rituals and musics. As for length works like Li Sao and Tian Wen (天问), could only be chanted through simplistic melodic repetition since they were lacking the musical systems like suite melodies in Yuan dynasty. In reality, Chu Ci by Qu yuan was merely composed with the linguistic sensibility of Chu songs. Though influenced by Chu songs, Chu Ci was not designed as song lyrics and never meant to be performed in musical forms.

     

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