Abstract: Based on the fundamental perspectives of the Marxist view of practice on knowledge production and reproduction, and according to the essence of human knowledge production and reproduction, this study systematically constructs the theoretical system of Original Learning and Teaching, encompassing two interconnected modules: the "Original Learning Theory" and the "Original Teaching Theory". The "Original Learning Theory" introduces two foundational categories—associative learning versus operational learning, and associative mechanisms versus operational mechanisms—to address the nature of individual learning and the formation of individual learning mechanisms, thereby establishing an innovative dual-mechanism theory of learning. Building upon this dual-mechanism framework, the "Original Teaching Theory" focuses on resolving two fundamental questions in school-based subject teaching: "what to teach" and "how to teach". It proposes the principles of "optimized full-process replication" of human knowledge production and "proactive comprehensive inheritance" of human experience, integrating diverse pedagogical theories and constructing a uniquely innovative subject teaching framework. The Original Learning and Teaching Theory, guided by the Marxist view of practice, represents a distinctly Chinese theoretical system of learning and teaching that aligns with China's academic discourse.