Abstract: The quality and efficiency of judicial case handling constitute an eternal proposition inherent to legal systems. They not only directly determine the realization of legal functions and the manifestation of legal values, but also promote the self-improvement and development of law through positive interactions with legal practice. In China's legal tradition, ancient jurists consistently sought to enhance judicial quality and efficiency, undertaking numerous beneficial explorations through both legislative formulations and judicial practices: In substantive justice, they emphasized "ascertaining factual truth" as the foundation for achieving "alignment between circumstances and culpability"; Regarding procedural efficiency, they actively "eliminated litigious burdens" by strictly prohibiting "prolonged detention" while implementing differentiated case management based on the severity of offenses; In evaluating outcomes, they upheld the trinity of "Heavenly Principles(Tianli), National Law(Guofa), and Human Sentiments(Renqing)" as the supreme criterion, constructing institutional mechanisms to facilitate legal self-perfection and self-correction guided by this value system.Therefore, contemporary rule-of-law construction should thoroughly reflect on historical wisdom, assimilate the essence of China's outstanding legal heritage, and adhere to people-centered modern Chinese commonsense rationality. This approach will advance the establishment of a new-era justice system and legal framework with distinctive Chinese characteristics.