Abstract: The influence of the dual-concern model of human resources (HR) practice (maintenance and performance) on employee performance and the moderate role of HR management strength is analyzed in terms of the social exchange theory through a questionnaire survey of 331 employees from Wuhan, Chongqing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. The main conclusions are as follows. Social leader-member exchange (SLMX) mediates the relationship between performance-oriented HR practice and employees' in-role performance and extra-role performance; economic leader-member exchange (ELMX) mediates the relationship between maintenance-oriented HR practice and employees' in-role performance and extra-role performance; human resource management strength not only positively moderates the relationship between performance-oriented HR practice and social leader-member exchange but also positively moderates the mediating mechanism of performance-oriented HR practice, SLMX and extra-role performance.