Abstract: After winning the comprehensive and precise poverty alleviation battle, China will face a more difficult and long-term complex solution to the problem of relative poverty. Based on the survey data of 3 278 rural household questionnaires in Henan province, the relative poverty levels of rural households are measured in two ways, economic relative poverty and multidimensional relative poverty, testing the impact of agricultural vocational skill training participation and non-agricultural vocational skill training participation on the relative poverty of farmers, and conducting a robustness test. The results show that no matter which relative poverty measurement method is used, agricultural vocational skill training participation and non-agricultural vocational skill training participation both have a significant negative impact on the relative poverty of farmers. Participation in agricultural vocational skill training has a higher impact on the economic relative poverty of rural households, while participation in non-agricultural vocational skill training has a higher impact on the multidimensional relative poverty of rural households. It can be seen from the results that in the face of the important task of solving China's relative poverty in the future, we must give full play to the role of training, and choose proper training content for farmers by their needs, in accordance with the requirements of developmental poverty alleviation and with the goal of improving self-development capability. Furthermore, it is necessary to improve the training system involving government, enterprises, communities and individuals, constantly optimize the environment of rural labor transfer employment, and motivate workers to "learn by doing", so as to enhance their human capital, enrich their social capital, raise their income levels and drive their families out of poverty.