Abstract: The poverty of the working class is the most direct manifestation of the social disaster that exists in reality, and it is the foundation and starting point of all contemporary social movements, including the British labor movement. In The Condition of the British Working Class, Engels analyzed the opposition between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie from the perspective of the contradiction between the productive forces of the Industrial Revolution and the relationship between civil society, and pointed out that the result of this opposition is the poverty of the working class. Young Engels delved into the history of the Industrial Revolution, clarifying that material production activities and their development were the true foundation of human social development. And from the previous contradictory thinking on the relationship between social production capacity and unethical competition, to the criticism of private ownership through the development of the industrial revolution and its promotion of changes in civil society relations. Through the poverty of British workers, Engels explored the historical mission of the labor movement to overthrow the capitalist system and strive for human liberation. Analyzing the main content of Engels' anti-poverty ideology is beneficial for promoting the realization of the people's needs for a better life, developing China's anti-poverty theory with Chinese characteristics, and establishing the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind.